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1. Key messages

  • In 2022, 116,380 deaths were observed in Belgium.
  • The age-adjusted mortality rate in 2022 was higher than in 2021, it decreased in men and increased in women compared to 2021.
  • The age-adjusted mortality rate in 2022 was 1.4 times higher in men than in women.
  • Geographical disparities were observed, with lower age-standardized mortality rates in the Flemish region for both men and women. 

2. A mortality peak is observed end of 2022

A heatwave mortality peak was observed in 2019. In 2020, mortality peaks were observed from March to April, and from the end of October to the end of the year. These peaks can be explained by the COVID-19 epidemic. An additional peak was observed during summer in August, caused by higher temperatures. 

In 2021, a mortality peak was observed at the end of the year. This can be explained by the COVID-19 epidemic. In 2022, a mortality peak was observed at the end of the year which can be explained by the influenza and bronchiolitis epidemics [1]

More information about excess mortality can be found on the website of the Belgian Mortality Monitoring (Be-MOMO).

Daily number of deaths, Belgium, 2018-2022
Source: Own calculations based on data provided by Statbel [2]

3. Mortality rates

Age-adjusted mortality rates are higher in 2022 than in 2021

In 2022, 116,380 deaths were observed in Belgium.

The crude mortality rate increased in 2022 to 1000 per 100,000 inhabitants compared to 2021 (972 per 100,000); it is however lower than the jump in 2020 due to the COVID-19 epidemic (1,102 per 100,000). The crude mortality rate was a bit higher in women (1,008 per 100,000) than in men (991 per 100,000) in 2022. After adjustment for age, a 39% higher mortality rate was observed in men (1,120 per 100.000) as compared to women (805 per 100,000) in 2022.

Over the last two decades, the age-adjusted mortality rate declined until 2019; a 40% decrease in men and a 28% decrease in women were observed between 2000 and 2019. In 2020, it has raised due mainly to the COVID-19 epidemic and reached 1,058 per 100,000 inhabitants (a 16% increase in men and 15% in women compared to 2019), the highest mortality rate since 2008. In 2022, the age-adjusted mortality rate was still higher than in 2019 (945 in 2022 vs 916 in 2019). Compared to 2021, it decreased in men (-2%) and increased in women (+4%).

  • Crude
  • Age-adjusted

Crude mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) among men and women, Belgium, 2000–2022
Source: Own calculations based on data provided by Statbel [2]

Age-adjusted* mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) among men and women, Belgium, 2000–2022
Source: Own calculations based on data provided by Statbel [2]
(*) with the European standard population 2010 as reference

Age-adjusted mortality rates are lower in the Flemish region

Among men in 2022, the age-adjusted mortality rate was 26% and 13% higher respectively in the Walloon Region and in the Brussels Capital Region as compared to the Flemish Region; among women, it was 23% and 8% higher respectively in the Walloon Region and in the Brussels Capital Region as compared to the Flemish Region.

During the year 2020, the regional differentials in mortality increased. Among men, the age-adjusted mortality rate was 35% higher in the Walloon Region and 32% higher in the Brussels Capital Region than in the Flemish Region, and among women, the mortality rate was 29% and 21% higher in the Walloon Region and in the Brussels Capital Region than in the Flemish Region. The COVID-19 mortality rates observed in the epidemiological surveillance [3] have shown the COVID-19 specific mortality rates to be higher in the Walloon Region and in the Brussels Capital Region, which can explain the increase of the regional differentials in all-cause mortality.

  • Men
  • Women

Age-adjusted* mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) among men, Belgium and regions, 2000–2022
Source: Own calculations based on data provided by Statbel [2]
(*) with the European standard population 2010 as reference

Age-adjusted* mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) among women, Belgium and regions, 2000–2022
Source: Own calculations based on data provided by Statbel [2]
(*) with the European standard population 2010 as reference

4. Read more

View the metadata for this indicator

Statbel: General mortality

Statbel: Open data

Sciensano: Standardized Procedure for Mortality Analysis (SPMA)

Sciensano: Belgian Mortality Monitoring (Be-MOMO)

Background

Mortality is a traditional health indicator, actually better understood as a measure of “non-health”. Although quantifying irreversible events, the mortality analysis provides unique information for public health guidance, like the importance of severe health problems, their evolution over time, and some insights on their determinants (i.e. road security and smoking behavior). It is also a health indicator that has a long tradition and is measured with more validity than any other. Indeed, death is an unambiguous event, that used to be systematically registered in vital registration systems of most countries for more than one century.

The crude mortality rate is the number of deaths in a given year divided by the population under study. This indicator is not well suited for health monitoring; mortality is indeed strongly related to age. As a consequence, aging populations are facing rising crude mortality rates even if the health state is improving.

Therefore, comparisons of mortality indicators between population groups or years should always use estimators that are adjusted for differences in age composition between the groups. In this report, the age-adjusted mortality rates are used, with the European Standard Population 2010 (ESP 2010) [4] as a reference.

In this section, we describe all-cause mortality. The specific causes of death are described in the section on cause of death.

Definitions

Crude mortality rate
The crude mortality rate is the number of deaths registered in the country divided by the corresponding population.
Age-standardized mortality rate
The age-standardization is a weighted average of age-specific mortality rates to remove variations arising from differences in age structure between population groups.

References

  1.  Sciensano. Analyse de la surmortalité en 2022.  https://www.sciensano.be/fr/coin-presse/analyse-de-la-surmortalite-en-2022  
  2. Statbel. Nombre de décès par jour, sexe, âge, région, province et arrondissement. https://statbel.fgov.be/fr/open-data/nombre-de-deces-par-jour-sexe-arrondissement-age
  3. I. Peeters, M. Vermeulen,N. Bustos Sierra, F. Renard, J. VanderHeyden, A. Scohy, T. Braeye, N. Bossuyt, F. Haarhuis, K. Proesmans, C. Vernemmen, M. Vanhaverbeke. Surveillance of COVID-19 mortality in Belgium, epidemiology and methodology during 1st and 2nd wave (March 2020 - 14 February 2021). Brussels, Belgium : Sciensano. 2021, September. https://covid-19.sciensano.be/fr/covid-19-situation-epidemiologique 
  4. Pace M, Giampaolo L, Glickman M, Zupanic T. Revision of the European Standard Population Report of Eurostat's Task Force. Luxembourg; 2013.

Please cite this page as: Sciensano. Mortality and Causes of Death: Causes of death, Health Status Report, 25 Aug 2023, Brussels, Belgium, https://www.healthybelgium.be/en/health-status/mortality-and-causes-of-death/general-mortality-by-cause